Saturday, September 13, 2008

The Black Metropolis in 1945

Relationships between whites and blacks have often been sources of tension in Chicago, continuing along with the population changes brought by the “Great Migration.” Between 1916 and 1970 the population of African Americans increased by 500,000. Before 1916, African Americans constituted approximately 2% of the city’s population (approximately 15,000 in 1893), rising to 33% by 1970 (approx. 1,111,887 in 1970). War industries required more workers by 1916 and 1942, and advertised enticing employment opportunities. But upon arrival in Chicago, African Americans were to discover an increasingly bleak housing situation, due to restrictive covenants defining the areas where they were allowed to live. Rents were high and the landlords did not bother to maintain buildings. Living conditions were so bad that St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton’s study, The Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (1945) gave a detailed account of the segregation the Black Belt in Chicago perpetuated, that included descriptions of housing conditions. 
The book was based on research conducted by the Works Progress Administration field workers in the late 1930s. As could be expected, in anticipation of what would become a full-blown Civil Rights movement in the 1950s that forced people to take sides based on their acceptance—or denial—of the presence of a race, reviewers were already divided about the book’s impact and value. Rosalind Lepawsky, reacting to Richard Wright’s introduction, which called the book a “landmark of research and scientific achievement,” wrote in her 1946 review: 
"…Black Metropolis is more of a compilation of, than an addition to, existing knowledge about the American Negro. It is not so much an explanation of Negro class and caste as it is an effective indictment of Negro suppression and white supremacy."
 
Remarkable however is the way Black Metropolis impacted the locals: shortly after it was published, the Parkway Community House held a series of public forums to discuss the issues the book had raised.  But more important, the work behind Black Metropolis was a contributing factor for African American artists, as Richard Wright had suggested in his introduction to the work:

"Chicago is the city from which the most incisive and radical Negro thought has come; there is an open and raw beauty about that city that seems either to kill or endow one with the spirit of life. I felt those extremes of possibility, death and hope, while I lived half hungry and afraid in a city to which I had fled with the dumb yearning to write, to tell my story. But I did not know what my story was, and it was not until I stumbled upon science that I discovered some the meanings of the environment that battered and taunted me. I encountered the work of men who were studying the Negro community, amassing facts about urban Negro life, and I found that sincere art and honest science were not far apart, that each could enrich the other. The huge mountains of fact piled up by the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago gave me my first concrete vision of the forces that molded the urban Negro’s body and soul. (I was never a student at the university; it is doubtful if I could have passed the entrance examination).
Chicago is the known city; perhaps more is known about it, how it is run, how it kills, how it loves, steals, helps, gives, cheats, and crushes than any other city in the world. Chicago is a new city; it grew to be bigger in one hundred years than did Paris in two thousand." 

Some Links about Black Metropolis

Chicago's Black Metropolis: Understanding History Through a Historic Place (Lesson Plans)


Poetry from Chicago

A little corner to encourage you to read and listen to poetry from Chicago.

Hear Gwendolyn Brooks read "the mother" from A Street in Bronzeville (1945) and other poetry (Poetry Foundation's Essential American Poets selected by Donald Hall, in a recording made at the Library of Congress, January 19, 1961).


Chicago Architecture



2003. Skybridge, 1 N. Halstead Street, 39 stories.

1980. Xerox Center, 55 W. Monroe Street, 41 stories.

1975. Metropolitan Correctional Center, 71 W. Van Buren Street, 27 stories.

1973. Sears Tower, 223 S. Wacker Drive, 110 stories with a skydeck.

1972. Aon Center (Standard Oil Building), 200 E. Randolph Street.
CNA Plaza, 44 stories, 325 S. Wabash Avenue.

1970. John Hancock Center, 875 N. Michigan Avenue, 100 stories.

1969. Chase Tower (First National Bank Building, then Bank One Plaza), 10 S. Dearborn Street, 60 stories.

1968. Lake Point Tower, 505 N. Lake Shore Drive, 70 stories.

1964. Marina City, 300 N. State Street, 61 stories.

1925. Tribune Tower, 435 N. Michigan Avenue, 36 stories.

1910. Robie House, 5757 S. Woodlawn Avenue.

1892. Masonic Temple, demolished in 1939.

1889. Monadnock Building, 53 W. Jackson Boulevard, 17 stories.

1888. The Rookery, 209 S. LaSalle Street.

1885. Home Insurance Building, 10 stories.

You can get more detailed information about these buildings and others through several websites devoted to Chicago's architecture:

—Chicago architectural Landmarks, by name of architect, on the City of Chicago web pages.
—a Global Architecture Encyclopedia,  http://www.glasssteelandstone.com.

Chicago goes to the Movies



2008. Chicago 10 by Brett Morgen. See trailer.

2007. And They Came to Chicago: The Italian American Legacy by Gia Marie Amelia. See clips from the website.

2006. Running Scared by Wayne Kramer. See trailer.
2003. Chicago, City of the Century by Austin Hoyt for PBS.

2002. Chicago by Rob Marshall. See trailer.

Road to Perdition by Sam Mendes. See trailer.

2000. High Fidelity by Stephen Frears. See trailer of this film based in Wicker Park.

What Women Want by Nancy Meyers. See trailer.

1998. Blues Brothers 2000 by John Landis. See trailer.

1997. My Best Friend's Wedding by P.J. Hogan. See trailer. See 2 minutes from film.

1996. Chain Reaction by Andrew Davis. See trailer.

1995. While You Were Sleeping by Jon Turteltaub. See trailer.

1993. The Fugitive by (?). See 2 minutes from film.

1989. When Harry Met Sally by Rob Reiner. See excerpt.

1987. The Untouchables by Brian De Palma. See trailer.

Planes, Trains, and Automobiles by John Hughes. See excerpt.

1986. Ferris Bueller's Day Off by John Hughes. See trailer.

About Last Night by Edward Zwick. See excerpt.

The Color of Money by Martin Scorsese. See excerpts. See New York Times review (October 17, 1986).

Running Scared by Peter Hyams. See opening scene, with views of downtown Chicago.

1984. Sixteen Candles by John Hughes. See trailer.

The Natural by Barry Levinson used Wrigley Field as a backdrop. See trailer. See Robert Redford's batting practice scene.

1980. The Blues Brothers by John Landis. See trailer.


1964. Robin and the 7 Hoods by Gordon Douglas. See trailer.

1963. The Fugitive by (?). See trailer.

1959. The Untouchables by Alex March. See opening.

North by Northwest by Alfred Hitchcock, featuring the Ambassador East hotel. See trailer.

1938. In Old Chicago by Darryl F. Zanuck. See trailer. Reviewed in the New York Times (January 16, 1938).

1936. Chicago May Day by Maurice Bailen.

Peace Parade and Workers' Picnic by Maurice Bailen.

1934. Halsted Street by Conrad (Nelson) Friberg.

The Great Depression by Maurice Bailen.



Chicago in all things Literary: Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Essays and Criticism



AL ASWANY, Alaa, Chicago, tr. Abdel Wahab,  New York: Harper, 2008.
ALGREN, Nelson, Chicago: City on the Make [1951], Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
BELLOW, Saul, The Adventures of Augie March, 1953.
—, Herzog, 1964.
—, Ravelstein, 2000.
BROOKS, Gwendolyn, Selected Poems [1963], New York: HarperCollins, 2006.
CISNEROS, Sandra, The House on Mango Street [1984], New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1991.
DREISER, Theodore, Sister Carrie [1900] , .
DYBEK, Stuart, The Coast of Chicago [1990], New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux/Picador, 2003.
—, Childhood and Other Neighborhoods, Stories, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003.
—, Streets in Their Own Ink (Poems), New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004.
FULLER, Henry B., The Cliff Dwellers: A Novel, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893.
GUZMAN, Richard R. (ed.), Black Writing From Chicago: In the World, Not of It?, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006.
HUGHES, Langston, "Chicago," in Arnold Rampersad (ed.), The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, New York: Vintage, 1994, p.616-617.
KIPLING, Rudyard, "Chicago," chapter 5, American Notes (1891).
LIEBLING, A.J., Chicago, The Second City [1906], Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
MAMET, David, Sexual Perversity in Chicago, 1974.
—, "the Museum of Science and Industry Story," 5 Television Plays, 1975.
McQUADE, Molly (ed.), An Unsentimental Education: Writers and Chicago, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
NESS, Eliot, The Untouchables, 1947.
PARETSKY, Sara, Fire Sale, 2005.
—, Writing in an Age of Silence, London: Verso, 2007.
PYNCHON, Thomas, Against the Day (2006).
SANDBURG, Carl, Chicago Poems, 1916.
—, The Chicago Race Riots, July 1919, 1919.
SHERWIN, Byron L., The Cubs and the Kabbalist, Denton, Texas: West Oak Press, 2006.
SINCLAIR, Upton, The Jungle [1906], New York: American Library/Signet Classic, 2001; New York: Random House/Modern Libary, 2002.
WRIGHT, Richard, Native Son [1940], New York: Vintage, 2000.


Chicago's Reality (outside of Literature)


ADDAMS, Jane, My Friend, Julia Lathrop, New York: Macmillan Co., 1935.
ADLER, Jeffrey S., "'Halting the Slaughter of the Innocents,': the Civilizing Process and the Surge in violence in Turn-of-the-Century Chicago," in Social Science History 25.1 (2001) p.29-52.
BACHIN, Robin F., Building the South Side: Urban Space and Civic Culture in Chicago, 1890-1919, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
BULMER, Martin, The Chicago School of Sociology: Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Social Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
CARSON, Mina, Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American Settlement Movement, 1885-1930, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
CONDIT, Carl W., The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial and Public Building in the Chicago Area, 1985-1925 [19 ??], Chicago: U Chicago Press, 1973.
CRONON, William, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West, 1991.
DEEGAN, Mary Jo, "W.E.B. Du Bois and the Women of Hull-House, 1895-1899," American Sociologist 19.4 (Winter 1988), p.301-310.
DIAMOND, Andrew, "From Fighting Gangs to Black Nations: Race, Power, and the Other Civil Rights Movement in chicago's West Side Ghetto, 1957-1968" Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines 116 (Spring 2008) p.51-65.
DRAKE, St. Clair and CAYTON, Horace R., Black Metropolis, A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City, [1945], Revised and Enlarged, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
DURKIN KEATING, Ann, Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
DZUBACK, Mary Ann, Robert M. Hutchins: Portrait of an Educator, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
EBNER, Michael H., Creating Chicago's North Shore: a Suburban History, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
GENET, Jean, "The Members of the Assembly," Esquire (November 1968) p.
GREEN, James, Death in the Haymarket.  A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America, New York: Pantheon Books, 2006. Read first chapter here.
HARRIS, Neil, The Chicagoan: A Lost Magazine of the Jazz Age, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
HOLLAND, Robert A.  Chicago In Maps: 1612-2002, Rizzoli, 2005.
HYRA, Derek S., The New Urban Renewal: The Economic Transformation of Harlem and Bronzeville, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
KUSCH, Frank, Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
MARCEL, Jean-Christophe, "Maurice Halbwachs à Chicago ou les ambiguités d'un rationalisme Durkheimien," Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines, 1:1 (1999) p.47-68.
MATHE, Sylvie (ed.), Regards Croisés sur Chicago, Aix en Provence: Publications de l'Université de Provence, 2004.
MEIS KNUPFUR, Anne, The Chicago Black Renaissance and Women's Activism, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006.
MULLEN, Bill V., review of A.M. Knupfer's The Chicago Black Renaissance and Women's Activism in Women And Social Movements in the United States 10.4 (December 2006).
OBAMA, Barack, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, [1995], Revised Edition, New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004.
PACYGA, Dominic A.  Polish Immigrants and Industrial Chicago: Workers on the South Side, 1880-1922, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991, 2003.
ROYKO, Mike, Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago, 1971.
ROWE, Mike, Chicago Blues: The City and the Music [1973], London: Perseus, 1975.
SAWISLAK, Karen, Smoldering City: Chicagoans and the Great Fire, 1871-1874, Chicago: U Chicago Press, 1995.
SCHULTZ, Rima Lunin and HAST, Adele (eds), Women Building Chicago 1790-1990: A Biographical Dictionary, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
SKLAR, Kathryn Kish, "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers," Signs 10 (Summer 1985) p.658-77.
SMITH, Carl, Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman, Chicago: U Chicago Press, 1994.
—, The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City, Chicago: U Chicago Press, 2006.
SOLZMAN, David M., The Chicago River: An Illustrated History and Guide to the River and Its Waterways [19 ??], Chicago: U. Chicago Press, 2006.
TERKEL, Studs, Division Street: America, 1967.
—, Chicago, 1987.
YELLEN, Samuel, American Labor Struggles [Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1936], 1969, 1974.

Chicago: Reference Works

GROSSMAN, James R., DURKIN KEATING, Ann, and REIFF, Janice L. (eds), The Encyclopedia of Chicago, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.




Chicago: Tourism


CANNING BLACKWELL, Elizabeth, Frommer's Chicago 2007, New York: Wiley Publishing, 2007.
HOLDEN, Greg, Literary Chicago: A Book Lover's Tour of the Windy City, Chicago: Lake Claremont Press, 2001.



Sweet Home Chicago


Recently popularized in the movie The Blues Brothers, the song was first performed by Robert Johnson in the 1930s. It has been sung by many artists, including Eric Clapton and Buddy Guy.

Blogging Chicago

Other useful things